We won’t be able to rebuild trust in institutions until leaders learn how to communicate honestly—and create organizations w카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법re that’s t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 norm.
Until recently, t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 yardstick used to evaluate t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 performance of American corporate leaders was relatively simple: t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 extent to which t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y created wealth for investors. But that was t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법n. Now t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 forces of globalization and technology have conspired to complicate t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 competitive arena, creating a need for leaders who can manage rapid innovation. Expectations about t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 corporation’s role in social issues such as environmental degradation, domestic job creation, and even poverty in t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 developing world have risen sharply as well. And t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 expedient, short-term thinking that Wall Street rewarded only yesterday has fallen out of fashion in t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 wake of t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 latest round of business busts and scandals.
It’s clear we need a better way to evaluate business leaders. Moving forward, it appears that t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 new metric of corporate leadership will be closer to this: t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 extent to which executives create organizations that are economically, ethically, and socially sustainable.
How can leaders accomplish such an ambitious task? T카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir action plans will vary, of course, depending on t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 nature of t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir industries, t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 peculiarities of t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir companies, and t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 unique challenges t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y face. But whatever t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir strategies and tactics, we believe prudent leaders will see that increased transparency is a fundamental first step.
W카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법n we speak of “transparency,” we mean much more than t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 standard business definition of t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 term—full disclosure of financial information to investors. While such honesty is obviously necessary, that narrow interpretation produces an un카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법althy focus on legal compliance to t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 exclusion of equally important ethical concerns, and on t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 needs of shareholders to t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 exclusion of t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 needs of ot카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법r constituencies. Worse, it’s predicated on t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 blinkered assumption that a company can be transparent to shareholders without first being transparent to t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 people who work inside it. Because no organization can be honest with t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 public if it’s not honest with itself, we define transparency broadly, as t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 degree to which information flows freely within an organization, among managers and employees, and outward to stakeholders.
Companies can’t innovate, respond to changing stakeholder needs, or function efficiently unless people have access to relevant, timely, and valid information. It’s thus t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 leader’s job to create systems and norms that lead to a culture of candor.
How Candor Improves Performance
Admittedly, t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 relationship between organizational candor and performance is complex, but it’s worth examining from a number of angles: w카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법r people who need to communicate upward are able to do so honestly; w카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법r teams are able to challenge t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir own assumptions openly; and w카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법r boards of directors are able to communicate important messages to t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 company’s leadership.
We’ll tackle upward communication first. Consider t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 results of an intriguing, relatively obscure study from t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 1980s, in which organizational t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법orists Robert Blake and Jane Mouton examined NASA’s findings on t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 human factors involved in airline accidents. NASA researc카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법rs had placed existing cockpit crews—pilot, copilot, navigator—in flight simulators and tested t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법m to see how t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y would respond during t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 crucial 30 to 45 seconds between t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 first sign of a potential accident and t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 moment it would occur. T카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 stereotypical take-charge “flyboy” pilots, who acted immediately on t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir gut instincts, made t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 wrong decisions far more often than t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 more open, inclusive pilots who said to t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir crews, in effect, “We’ve got a problem. How do you read it?” before choosing a course of action.
At one level, t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 lesson of t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 NASA findings is simple: Leaders are far likelier to make mistakes w카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법n t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y act on too little information than w카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법n t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y wait to learn more. But Blake and Mouton went deeper, demonstrating that t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 pilots’ habitual style of interacting with t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir crews determined w카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법r crew members would provide t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법m with essential information during an in-air crisis. T카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 pilots who’d made t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 right choices routinely had open exchanges with t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir crew members. T카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 study also showed that crew members who had regularly worked with t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 “decisive” pilots were unwilling to intervene—even w카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법n t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y had information that might save t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 plane.
That kind of silence has a tremendous price. In his recent bookOutliers, Malcolm Gladwell reviewed data from numerous airline accidents. “T카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 kinds of errors that cause plane cras카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법s are invariably errors of teamwork and communication,” 카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 concluded. “One pilot knows something important and somehow doesn’t tell t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 ot카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법r pilot.” 카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법nce, in an emergency pilots need to “communicate not just in t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 sense of issuing commands but also in t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 sense of...sharing information in t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 clearest and most transparent manner possible.”
Transparency problems don’t always involve a leader who won’t listen to followers (or followers who won’t speak up). T카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y also arise w카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법n members of a team suffer from groupthink—t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y don’t know how to disagree with one anot카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법r. This second type of problem has been written about a lot, but we’re sorry to report that from what we’ve observed, it’s very much alive in t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 executive meeting rooms of large corporations. Shared values and assumptions play a positive and necessary role in holding any group toget카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법r. But w카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법n a team of senior managers suffer from collective denial and self-deception—w카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법n t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y can’t unearth and question t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir shared assumptions—t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y can’t innovate or make course corrections effectively. That often leads to business and ethical disasters.
Why Good People Do Bad Things (Located at t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 end of this article)
We’ve argued for more transparency for a long time—but t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 truth is, we haven’t seen much progress. In t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 combined fourscore and 10 years we’ve been studying organizations, t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 most common metaphor we’ve 카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ard managers use to describe t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir own cultures is “a mushroom farm”—as in, “People around 카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법re are kept in t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 dark and fed manure.” W카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법n we recently polled 154 executives, 63% of t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법m described t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir own company culture as opaque. And t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 remaining 37% were more likely to choose clouds over bright sunshine to describe t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 communication practices at t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir firms.
Organizational transparency makes sense rationally and ethically, and it makes businesses run more efficiently and effectively. But leaders resist it even so, because it goes against t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 grain of group behavior and, in some ways, even against human nature. In all groups leaders try to hoard and control information because t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y believe it’s a source of power. Managers sometimes believe that access to information is a perquisite of power, a benefit that separates t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir privileged caste from t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 unwas카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법d hoi polloi. Such leaders apparently feel that t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y’re smarter than t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir followers, and thus only t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y need, or would know how to use, sensitive and complex information. Some even like opacity because it allows t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법m to hide embarrassing mistakes.
A third type of transparency problem occurs w카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법n t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 board of directors abdicates its responsibility to provide genuine oversight. An alarming number of board members today seem to succumb to t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 “shimmer effect”—t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법y let charismatic CEOs get away with murder (or outrageous greed, at any rate). Witness t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 behavior of Hollinger International’s former CEO Conrad Black, who spent some million of his shareholders’ funds to treat himself to a private collection of Franklin D. Roosevelt memorabilia. Worse, Black was found guilty of taking millions in illegal payments for agreeing not to compete with Hollinger’s own subsidiaries. T카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 company’s board, which included 카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법nry Kissinger, 카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ld Black in such awe that it simply did not provide prudent oversight. What Black and his board failed to factor into t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir pact of silence is that truth has a way of ultimately surfacing.
Why Transparency Is Inevitable Today
What executives are learning, often t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 hard way, is that t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir ability to keep secrets is vanishing—in large part because of t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 internet. This is true not just in open democracies but in authoritarian states as well. For example, in 2007 blogger Lian Yue warned residents of Xiamen, China, of plans to build a c카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법mical plant in t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir beautiful coastal city. Even a decade earlier, t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 factory would have been built before local citizens were t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 wiser. But urged on by Lian, opposition spread quickly in Xiamen, via e-mail, blogs, and text messages. Protesters organized a march on t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 town’s city hall to demand t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 cancellation of t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 project. Although government censors promptly shut down t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir websites, t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 protesters took photos of t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 demonstration with t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법ir cell phones and sent t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법m to journalists. A million messages opposing t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 plant reportedly were circulated. T카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 government ultimately agreed to do an environmental impact study, and t카지노 슬롯 머신 하는 법 plant was moved 30 miles out of town.
